The structure of measuring stands of ultra-high-frequency installation of drying and baking of bricks is considered. The creation of a practical microwave installation is determined by the creation of measuring stands at a low power level, by working on electrodynamic models and by creating appropriate laboratory installations of a high power level. The measuring stand of the described structure allows to check the matching characteristics of all waveguide elements of the feeder chain, adjustment of waveguide tees, and the development and tuning of the energy input units to the microwave chamber of the experimental setup. In the laboratory installation it is proposed to use the industrial generator KIE-5, operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz with a maximum output power of 5 kW and a waveguide ferrite circulator. The maximum power of such an installation differs only 10 times from the power of the experimental setup. This makes it possible to reliably estimate the electrical strength and heat release of the experimental unit assemblies from the results of laboratory studies.

Keywords: "izmeritel'nyy stend, sverkhvysokochastotnaya ustanovka, kirpich, sushka, obzhig, moshchnost', struktura, elektrodinamicheskoye modelirovaniye, eksperimental'naya ustanovka measuring stand, super-high-frequency installation, brick, drying, firing, power,

In the article the scheme of the measuring stand of the device model for determining the part of the energy distributed from the generator, the scheme of the measuring stand of the model for measuring the standing water coefficient (VSWR) and the measurement of the transient resistance are presented. The best results are obtained by a partition consisting of two metal plates overlapping the path both above and below the clay layer. So, with a clay humidity of 4%, the total attenuation was 14.4 dB (-6.1 dB without a partition), and at a humidity of 16% -35 dB (-18.4 dB without a partition). There is an increase in attenuation of approximately two times compared to the case without a partition for both dry and wet clay, but the amount of attenuation is insufficient. To increase the attenuation in model 2, two consecutive resonators were created. But the attenuation in this case increased insignificantly in comparison with one resonator. It is obvious that two resonators are upset because of mutual influence on each other. Therefore, it is proposed in a real installation between these two resonators to place a section of a waveguide of nonresonant length with an absorber that will eliminate the coupling between the resonators.

Keywords: measuring stand, super-high-frequency installation, brick, drying, firing, power, structure, electrodynamic modeling, experimental setup

The article suggests application of the digital indicator Schut 907.649, intercenter and spreadsheet to reduce the complexity of determining the parameters of the cogwheel. According to the developmented to methodic, the accuracy of the modernized intercentromere was investigated. Presented further ways to modernize

Keywords: metrological support, intercenter, parameters of the cogwheel, OpenOffice Calc, MS Excel, Schut 907.649

The mechanical stresses measuring methods analysis is showing in that paper. The purpose of that paper is to choosing the practical method of the measuring mechanical stresses in polymer glasses during its using. The calculation of the piezoelectric effect on the polycarbonate is considering in that paper. It is showing that this effect can be used for measuring the mechanical stress in polymer glasses during its using. So, it is showing the advantages of that method.

Keywords: polymer glasses, mechanical stresses, polycarbonate, piezoelectric effect, possibility of applying, comparative analysis of the methods

The article describes the development of a wireless monitoring system for toxic and flammable gases control to solve the actual problem of gaseous environment automated control at hazardous production facilities. The architecture of the monitoring system is described, which consists of wireless gas analyzers with connected remote digital modules. The article deals with design and circuit solutions for the development of a gas sensors digital module, which includes: a microcontroller, a RS-485 transceiver, an integrated power supply based on a pulse converter, and a block with digital gas sensors. The principle of the combined protection against electrostatic and microsecond interference is considered, as well as the concept of digital gas sensors with sensing elements of various physical types. The developed module is to detect explosive and toxic gases in the atmosphere, and can be used in emergency prevention systems at the factory together with execution units.

Keywords: monitoring system, industrial safety, gas sensor, intelligent digital sensor, zigbee, microassembly, RS-485, toxic gas, explosive gas

The article describes the concept of the digital gas sensors for toxic and flammable gases used in portable gas analyzers and stationary systems for dangerous objects monitoring. The results of the development of the low-power digital gas sensor for determining the concentration of carbon monoxide are described. The structure of the analog sensitive element, as well as its sensitivity to various gases and ambient temperature, is considered. A structural and schematic solution of a digital gas sensor using operational amplifiers and a miniature microcontroller is presented. The algorithm of firmware of the microcontroller is considered, as well as the calibration process.

Keywords: Digital gas sensor, toxic gas, gas converter, carbon monoxide, gas analyzer, monitoring system, calibration process, gas generator

A variant of the solution of the problem of characterization of a resonant Fano contour in optical biosensors of refractometric type based on ring fiber Bragg gratings with pi-shift is presented. The use of biosensors of this type makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of detecting changes in the refractive index of the medium under investigation to the level (1-2) x10-9 RIU. These sensitivity values are achieved due to the formation in the lattice of a high-quality Fano resonance with a loop width at half-height equal to 1-5 pm. However, the possibility of obtaining a significant gain in metrological characteristics on the one hand, poses the problem of characterizing such narrow-band resonances on the other, since the existing optical spectrum analyzers do not have the appropriate resolution. To solve this problem, we propose a radio-photon method of three-frequency probing of a high-band and an asymmetric Fano contour by symmetric amplitude-modulated radiation with side-amplitude components unbalanced in amplitude. In contrast to the previously used for solving similar problems of two-frequency symmetric sounding with equal amplitudes of side components and a suppressed carrier, we have uniquely determined the central frequency, the maximum amplitude and Q of the Fano circuits, as well as the possibility of greatly simplifying the technique of collecting information on their parameters. The article consists of two parts, which consistently reflect the posing of modeling problems and discussing its results with confirmation of the results of physical experiments.

Keywords: optical biosensor, refractometry, Bragg fiber grating, phase pi-shift, Bragg annular fiber grating with phase pi-shift, Fano resonance, refractive index change, sensitivity, resolving power, radiophoton measurement methods, two-frequency symmetric balance

A variant of the solution of the problem of characterization of a resonant Fano contour in optical biosensors of refractometric type based on ring fiber Bragg gratings with pi-shift is presented. To solve this problem, the first part of the article proposes a radio-photon method of three-frequency probing of the upper-band and asymmetric Fano contours by symmetric amplitude-modulated radiation with amplitude components unbalanced in amplitude. To characterize the central wavelength, a functional analogous to the modulation coefficient of the beat envelope between the components of the probing radiation is introduced. The requirements for the selection of the frequencies of the side components at which the uniqueness of the functional is preserved and the maximum sensitivity in the measurement range determined by the bandwidth of the Fano contour at half-height are justified. The possibility of extending the range of lateral frequencies and increasing the sensitivity of measurements with the use of two-frequency sounding with a frequency reduced by half and amplitude unbalanced side components with a suppressed carrier is shown. An example is given of a comparison with the two-frequency symmetric probing, previously used by us for solving similar problems, with equal amps of side components and a suppressed carrier. Based on the results of characterizing the Fano contour with fixed probing, it is possible to unambiguously determine the central frequency, the maximum amplitude, and its Q-factor.

Keywords: optical biosensor, refractometry, Bragg fiber grating, phase pi-shift, Bragg annular fiber grating with phase pi-shift, Fano resonance, radio-photon measurement methods, amplitude-balanced three-frequency symmetric probing, two-frequency disbalanced and a

Existing methods for assessing the plasticity of soils are labour-intensive, and yield the results of low quality. Due to the importance of this parameter for determining the strength of road beds when designing the construction of railways and highways, the development of new efficient methods for its reliable determination is of great importance. In this paper, we propose a method for solving this problem based on the correlation of mechanical and electrical properties of cohesive soils by the example of soil-forming minerals of montmorillonite and kaolinite

Keywords: layered aluminum silicates, soil plasticity, plastic and liquid limits, absorption, swelling, electrical measurements, correlation of mechanical and electrical properties

The development of modern electronics has led to the improvement and modernization of natural gas meters. Mechanical devices increasingly began to be replaced by electronic ones, which allow to provide higher accuracy, resolution of the device and have a number of additional features, for example, allow to register events and monitor readings. The task of such devices is to provide completely autonomous operation from the battery element in the period from 5 to 10 years. The battery life is determined by the number of consumers of electricity included in the meter and can be reduced to very small values ​​due to the use of modern electronic components with low power consumption. In addition, it is possible to reduce power consumption by implementing certain algorithms of the device. In this paper, we consider the options for constructing a measuring target, and the algorithms for operating the digital part, which allow us to reduce power consumption.

Keywords: measuring circuits, natural gas meters, energy consumption, measuring target, energy efficiency

In this article, we propose the idea of ​​creating a complex sensor for measuring the dielectric parameters of liquid substances in order to distinguish samples with small changes in the parameters in low-microwave ranges. The measurements are carried out by a capacitive method. For measurement at a low frequency, a capacitor-to-code converter is used; in the microwave method, a vector analyzer is used for the measurement. As a capacitive sensor, a interdigital capacitor is used that has geometrical and electrophysical parameters, in which it is not a radiating structure in the range of controlled frequencies. To combine the low-frequency and microwave methods in one sensor, a frequency-isolation scheme is used. The urgency of the method lies in the absence of the need for separate measurements of the sample with the help of various sensors.

Keywords: interdigital capacitor, coaxial probe, frequency isolation circuit, liquid substance, sensor, model, reflection coefficient, electrical capacitance, capacitor-code converter

To significantly increase the accuracy of measurement and the reproducibility of the results, a method has been developed for determining the decrease in illumination of filamentary LED lamps. The necessity and possibility of realization of the first reading of illumination in one second is grounded.

Keywords: filament lamp, illumination recession, method, error, criterial value, rate of decline

The paper is devoted to an overview of the methods of ice characteristics of water bodies studies (such as an indicator of the ice cover, the timing and duration of the phases of ice regime). The advantages of the use of multispectral satellite imagery to assess ice conditions of water bodies over the other methods are listed. The difficulties of obtaining data on a particular water body under study are shown. These difficulties appear because of the identification problems of the water body when interpreting satellite images (maps).

Keywords: ice characteristics, water, earth remote sensing, interpretation, multispectral imagery

An analytical review of the impact of electromagnetic fields on human health is performed. A method for studying the electromagnetic situation during the territorial planning of urban settlements is proposed. The intensity of the electromagnetic field of industrial frequency in four main functional zones of Rostov-on-Don is investigated. Areas with a favorable electromagnetic situation and areas of increased environmental risk for residents have been identified.

Keywords: Electromagnetic field, industrial frequency, functional zones, territorial planning, environmental risk.

This article is devoted to the review of production methods for determining the rigidity of technological systems based on metal cutting machines. A description of each method, its characteristics, describes the principle of the appearance of elastic strains of technological systems and the possibility of their measurement. For each method, the limits of its applicability and the possibility of using it in different production situations are given. The mathematical dependences are given which can allow the process engineer to estimate the value of the elastic deformations of the technological system and make appropriate adjustments even at the stage of production preparation (for example, to change the trajectory of the tool when writing the control program for CNC machines). A statistical method for determining the rigidity of technological systems is described, the graphical dependence of elastic deformations on cutting forces is given.

Keywords: Rigidity of the technological system, elastic deformation, technological system, cutting force, production method for determining rigidity

In accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the basis of a complex of pros-pecting works, it is necessary to establish the rate of removal of the soil layer. The thickness of the removal of the soil layer is established on the basis of a complex of laboratory studies of soil samples taken from established soil hori-zons. The thickness of the soil horizons is currently determined using stock data based on the characteristic type of soil. However, the thickness of soil horizons in a number of cases on sections characterized by identical soil characteris-tics differ. Thus, in each specific case it is necessary to link the soil sections and boundaries of the selected soil con-tours instrumentally through ecological excavations. High saturation with soil workings can lead to a significant distur-bance of the soil cover of the surveyed area. To solve the above problem, it is proposed to use a unit for studying the power of multicomponent dynamical systems for vertical drilling of soil wells

Keywords: soil horizon, fertile layer, survey, withdrawal power, prospecting, well, drilling, capital construction, photographic fixation, deposition

The development of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method in the field of high-frequency signals is proposed using an amplitude-phase approach to analyze the parameters of various biological sensors. Unlike the standard high-frequency analog electrochemical impedance spectroscopy systems interfaces based on quadrature demodulation, the use of peak and phase detectors allows improving the basic metrological parameters, as well as simplifying the analog interface with a wide bandwidth of the biological sensor interrogation signal. The circuit design of the phase detector, as part of the general system, is considered on the components of the technological process TSMC 0.35um SiGe. The key feature of this block is the maximum speed due to the rejection of feedbacks. A large range of output voltages and a low speed of their change allow the use of standard analog input modules for inputting phase detector signals to a computer for subsequent digital processing. The final accuracy of biological sensor signal phase detection is maintained at an acceptable level due to the introduction of additional elements in the basic circuit and the digital algorithms presented in the work. The shown variant of carrying out the correction has immunity to nonlinearities of the output characteristic of phase detection for large phase deviations of the signal of the biological sensor. The process technology used in the design is classified as economical, which makes it possible to potentially reduce the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy systems cost of production and introduction of a mass application.

Keywords: biological sensor; impedance spectroscopy; phase detector; quadrature representation of a signal, digital correction, algorithm of data processing, SiGe-technology, system on chip, microwave range, analog interface

The method of calculation gamma percentage fatigue resource of an arrow shovel excavator. Using this method can most accurately determine the distribution of the extreme members of samples and the corresponding shifts of the Weibull distribution. It was found that to calculate the shifts do not have, you can use only the extreme members of samples.

Keywords: reliability, probability, resource, sample, excavator

An overview of the basic schemes, characteristics, and directions of development of microwave photonics systems is presented in this paper in terms of requirements defining the parameters of external amplitude-phase modulation of laser radiation as a key process for the formation of radio frequency signals in the optical range for systems with polarization multiplexing of polyharmonic signals.

Keywords: microwave photonics; external amplitude and phase modulation, optical generation of radio frequency signals; generation of poly-harmonic optical signals with microwave frequency components

In this paper, we evaluate the water meters available on the market, their advantages and disadvantages are given. The classification of water meters and the assessment of their specific application are given. The main problem at the moment in measuring the flow of water resources is the accuracy of measurement on all flow ranges without a significant increase in the price for the retail sale of the meter. It is shown that the most problematic zone of the range is the minimum and drop rate. The second most important is the maximum flow rate and the accompanying hydraulic shock (in the case when the transition time from zero flow to maximum is negligible). The paper noted that at the moment there are no accounting devices on the market that solve both problems described. It is also shown that it is possible to make the meter more attractive to the consumer with the help of additional (not metrological functions). For example, an important function is the signaling of long-term leaks in the system.

Keywords: water meter, counter, measuring vane, acoustic

This paper provides an overview of the types of existing natural gas consumption meters. A comparison is made of the instruments of various manufacturers present on the market. The main characteristics of the counters are named, the definitions for each characteristic are given. The problem of temperature compensation of flow rate depending on the temperature of the working medium is considered. The error in measuring gas at temperature differences leads to difficulties in predicting the consumption of energy resources. Two existing approaches to the solution of the problem are given. The ways of solution for the task of including metering devices in unified automated energy accounting systems are also shown.

Keywords: flowmeters of natural gas, diaphragm counters, automated metering systems, energy resources, thermal correction

microwave photonics; external amplitude and phase modulation, optical generation of radio frequency signals; generation of poly-harmonic optical signals with microwave frequency components

Keywords: microwave photonics; external amplitude and phase modulation, optical generation of radio frequency signals; generation of poly-harmonic optical signals with microwave frequency components

An important role in the safety of the car's movement is played by the state of the operated tires. If the tire pressure decreases, the deflection increases. There is a flattening of the tire, which increases the bearing surface. The article presents the development of tire pressure monitoring systems. When using the tire, there is always the possibility of a puncture. Often this happens far from the car-care center and in this case, an urgent repair of the tire is required. A solution of this problem is presented with the help of a viscous substance or sealant. Also, the article describes the design of airless tires, which are not afraid of punctures.

Keywords: Pneumatic tire, wheel, anti-crash, pressure control, tireless tire, safety ring, airless tire

The problematic issues of the state of isolation of power cable systems (PCL) are considered on the basis of development and development of non-destructive testing methods. The main components that destroy the PCL isolation are established. An analytical method for evaluating the processes of cellulose oxidation with the definition of the most probable is proposed. The calculations of thermodynamic processes of cellulose oxidation are given. Using the proposed approach to studying the basic processes of insulation failure allows us to provide more detailed information on the prerequisites for the development of partial discharges (PD) in isolation and to determine the necessary measures to minimize the processes leading to the destruction of the insulation of power cables

Keywords: Insulating material, thermodynamic processes, cable system, forecasting

The main problem is to determine the bandwidth of the power cable system (PCS) through monitoring of the thermalfluctuation processes cable. Investigated the temperature field in the cross section of the cable in accordance with the theory of heat conduction. The results of studying the thermal conductivity of the PCS. In Matlab, using the system equations Fourier transform in the cylindrical coordinate system is built, the temperature gradient in the cross section of the cable and the environment. On the basis of the thermalfluctuation theory to examine the process of destruction of insulation by thermal vibrations of the atoms, with the partial discharges (PD). The study of failure-free operation of the insulating material PCS. Determined the probability of occurrence of the CR in dependence on influencing factors (temperature, insulation, number and size of inclusions). The distribution of the probability of occurrence of the CR in dependence on a value of density inhomogeneities insulation (y) and the energy of rupture of chemical bonds (D).

Keywords: forecasting, aging of insulation, partial discharges, thermalfluctuation theory